Космос
Timeline of first orbital launches by country
Or der | Country | Satellite | Rocket | Location | Date (UTC) |
1 | Soviet Union | Sputnik 1 | Sputnik-PS | Baikonur, SU (today Kazakhstan) | 4 October 1957 |
2 | United States | Explorer 1 | Juno I | Cape Canaveral, United States | 1 February 1958 |
3 | France | Astérix | Diamant A | Hammaguir, Algeria | 26 November 1965 |
4 | Japan | Ōsumi | Lambda 4S | Uchinoura, Japan | 11 February 1970 |
5 | China | Dong Fang Hong I | Long March 1 | Jiuquan, China | 24 April 1970 |
6 | United Kingdom | Prospero | Black Arrow | Woomera, Australia | 28 October 1971 |
— | European Space Agency | CAT-1 | Ariane 1 | Kourou, French Guiana | 24 December 1979 |
7 | India | Rohini D1 | SLV | Sriharikota, India | 18 July 1980 |
8 | Israel | Ofeq 1 | Shavit | Palmachim, Israel | 19 September 1988 |
— | Ukraine | Strela-3 (x6, RF) | Tsyklon 3 | Plesetsk, Russia | 28 September 1991 |
— | Russia | Kosmos 2175 | Soyuz U | Plesetsk, Russia | 21 January 1992 |
10 | Iran | Omid | Safir-1A | Semnan, Iran | 2 February 2009 |
11 | North Korea | Kwangmyŏngsŏng 3 | Unha 3 | Sohae, North Korea | 12 December 2012 |
12 | New Zealand | smallsats | Electron | Mahia Peninsula | 21 January 2018 |
13 | |||||
| 14 | |||||
| 15 |
Timeline of first Human spaceflight by country
|
No. |
Country |
Name |
Flight |
Date (UTC) |
|
1 |
Soviet Union |
Yuri Gagarin |
Vostok 1 |
12 April 1961 |
|
2 |
United States |
Alan Shepard |
Mercury-Redstone 3(MR-3) or Freedom 7 |
5 May 1961 |
|
|
Russia |
Aleksandr Kaleri |
Soyuz TM-14 |
17 March 1992 |
|
3 |
China |
Yang Liwei |
Shenzhou 5 |
15 October 2003 |
|
4 |
India |
|
|
2020 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Human spaceflight(person flights) by country(As of December 4, 2018)
|
|
Russia/USSR |
United States |
China |
Total |
|
1961–1970 |
16(26) |
25(49) |
|
41(75) |
|
1971–1980 |
30(65) |
8 |
|
38 |
|
1981–1990 |
24(64) * |
37 * |
|
61 * |
|
1991–2000 |
20(60) |
63 |
|
83 |
|
2001–2010 |
24(72) |
34 |
3(6) |
61 |
|
2011–2020 |
33(92) |
3(16) |
3(8) |
38(113) |
|
Total |
147(379) |
170(866) |
6(14) |
323(1259) |
*The two failed launches of STS-51-L and Soyuz T-10-1.
Timeline of first Transfer Vehicle by country
No. | Coun try | Transfer Vehicle | Name | Flight, number | docking | Launch date | docking date | Deorbit date | ||
1 | US | GATV-5003 | ATV | Atlas-Agena D SLV-3(2/19) | Gemini 8 | 16/03/1966 | 16/03/1966 | 15 September 1967 | ||
2 | SU | 102 | Progress 1 | Soyuz-U(8) | Salyut 6 | 20/011978 | 22/01/ 1978 | 8 February 1978 | ||
3 | EU | ATV-1 | Jules Verne | Ariane 5ES(1) | ISS | 09/03/2008 | 03/04/2008 | 29 September 2008 | ||
4 | Japan | HTV-1 | Kounotori | H-IIB F1 | ISS | 10/09/2009 | 17/09/2009 | 1 November 2009 | ||
5 | China | LM-7 | Tianzhou 1 |
| Tiangong 2 | 20/04/2017 | 23/04/2017 | 20/07/2017 | ||
6 |
Timeline of space travel by nationality
|
No. |
Country |
Name |
Flight |
Date (UTC) |
|
|
D1 |
1960-1969 |
|
|||
|
1 |
Soviet Union |
Yuri Gagarin |
Vostok 1 |
12 April 1961 |
|
|
2 |
United States |
Alan Shepard |
Mercury-Redstone 3(MR-3) or Freedom 7 |
5 May 1961 |
|
|
D2 |
1970-1979 |
|
|||
|
3 |
Czechoslovakia |
Vladimír Remek |
Soyuz 28 |
2 March 1978 |
|
|
4 |
Poland |
Mirosław Hermaszewski |
Soyuz 30 |
27 June 1978 |
|
|
5 |
East Germany |
Sigmund Jähn |
Soyuz 31 |
26 August 1978 |
|
|
6 |
Bulgaria |
Georgi Ivanov |
Soyuz 33 |
10 April 1979 |
|
|
D3 |
1980-1989 |
||||
|
7 |
Hungary |
Bertalan Farkas |
Soyuz 36 |
26 May 1980 |
|
|
8 |
Vietnam |
Phạm Tuân |
Soyuz 37 |
23 July 1980 |
|
|
9 |
Cuba |
Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez |
Soyuz 38 |
18 September 1980 |
|
|
10 |
Mongolia |
Jügderdemidiin Gürragchaa |
Soyuz 39 |
22 March 1981 |
|
|
11 |
Romania |
Dumitru Prunariu |
Soyuz 40 |
14 May 1981 |
|
|
12 |
France |
Jean-Loup Chrétien |
Soyuz T-6 |
24 June 1982 |
|
|
13 |
West Germany |
Ulf Merbold |
STS-9 |
28 November 1983 |
|
|
14 |
India |
Rakesh Sharma |
Soyuz T-11 |
3 April 1984 |
|
|
15 |
Canada |
Marc Garneau |
STS-41-G |
5 October 1984 |
|
|
16 |
Saudi Arabia |
Sultan al-Saud |
STS-51-G |
17 June 1985 |
|
|
17 |
Netherlands |
Wubbo Ockels |
STS-61-A |
30 October 1985 |
|
|
18 |
Mexico |
Rodolfo Neri Vela |
STS-61-B |
26 November 1985 |
|
|
19 |
Syria |
Muhammed Faris |
Soyuz TM-3 |
22 July 1987 |
|
|
20 |
Afghanistan |
Abdul Ahad Mohmand |
Soyuz TM-6 |
29 August 1988 |
|
|
D4 |
1990-1999 |
||||
|
21 |
Japan |
Toyohiro Akiyama |
Soyuz TM-11 |
2 December 1990 |
|
|
22 |
United Kingdom |
Helen Sharman |
Soyuz TM-12 |
18 May 1991 |
|
|
23 |
Austria |
Franz Viehböck |
Soyuz TM-13 |
2 October 1991 |
|
|
24 |
Russia |
Aleksandr Kaleri |
Soyuz TM-14 |
17 March 1992 |
|
|
25 |
Belgium |
Dirk Frimout |
STS-45 |
24 March 1992 |
|
|
26 |
Italy |
Franco Malerba |
STS-46 |
31 July 1992 |
|
|
27 |
Switzerland |
Claude Nicollier |
STS-46 |
31 July 1992 |
|
|
28 |
Ukraine |
Leonid Kadenyuk |
STS-87 |
19 November 1997 |
|
|
29 |
Spain |
Pedro Duque |
STS-95 |
29 October 1998 |
|
|
30 |
Slovakia |
Ivan Bella |
Soyuz TM-29 |
20 February 1999 |
|
|
D5 |
2000-2009 |
||||
|
31 |
South Africa |
Mark Shuttleworth |
Soyuz TM-34 |
25 April 2002 |
|
|
32 |
Israel |
Ilan Ramon |
STS-107 |
16 January 2003 |
|
|
33 |
China |
Yang Liwei |
Shenzhou 5 |
15 October 2003 |
|
|
34 |
Brazil |
Marcos Pontes |
Soyuz TMA-8 |
30 March 2006 |
|
|
35 |
Iran |
Anousheh Ansari |
Soyuz TMA-9 |
18 September 2006 |
|
|
36 |
Sweden |
Christer Fuglesang |
STS-116 |
10 December 2006 |
|
|
37 |
Malaysia |
Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor |
Soyuz TMA-11 |
10 October 2007 |
|
|
38 |
South Korea |
Yi So-yeon |
Soyuz TMA-12 |
8 April 2008 |
|
|
D6 |
2010-2019 |
||||
|
39 |
Denmark |
Andreas Mogensen |
Soyuz TMA-18M |
2 September 2015 |
|
|
40 |
Kazakhstan |
Aidyn Aimbetov |
Soyuz TMA-18M |
2 September 2015 |
|
|
41 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
42 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
43 |
|
|
|
|
|
Soyuz Launch Vehicle Users Manual - StarSem
List of space travelers(person flights) by nationality(15 March 2019
As of December, 2017 , citizens from 37 countries have traveled in space 556(1250) people have reached Earth orbit. 553(1241) have reached the altitude of space according to the FAI definition of the boundary of space. (Joseph Walker/X-15(2), Michael Melvil(2), Brian Binnie/SpaceShipOne suborbit, 5 person flights)(+4 person flights suborbit Alan Shepard(USA) Mercury-Redstone 3(MR-3) May 5 1961, Virgil I."Gus" Grissom(USA) Mercury-Redstone 4 July 21, 1961, Vasili Lazarev, Oleg Makarov Soyuz 18a April 5, 1975 USSR)
Of the 37 countries whose citizens have traveled into Earth orbit, 25 have only flown a single space traveler, and 4 others have only flown 2 each. 94,035% of all space travelers have been contributed by the following eight nations:
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
United States |
344 |
61,210% |
|
2 |
Russia1 |
124 |
22.064% |
|
3 |
Japan |
12 |
2,143% |
|
4 |
Germany2,3 |
11 |
1.964% |
|
4 |
China |
11 |
1,964% |
|
6 |
France2 |
10 |
1.786% |
|
7 |
Canada |
10 |
1.786% |
|
8 |
Italy2 |
7 |
1.250% |
|
|
|
529 |
94.128% |
|
9 |
Belgium |
2 |
0,358% |
|
10 |
Bulgaria |
2 |
0,358% |
|
11 |
Netherlands |
2 |
0,358% |
|
12 |
United Kingdom |
2 |
0,358% |
|
13 |
Austria |
1 |
0,178% |
|
14 |
Afghanistan |
1 |
0,178% |
|
15 |
Brazil |
1 |
0,178% |
|
16 |
Cuba |
1 |
0,178% |
|
17 |
Czechoslovakia |
1 |
0,178% |
|
18 |
Denmark |
1 |
0,178% |
|
19 |
Hungary |
1 |
0,178% |
|
20 |
India |
1 |
0,178% |
|
21 |
Israel |
1 |
0,178% |
|
22 |
Kazakhstan |
1 |
0,178% |
|
23 |
Malaysia |
1 |
0,1798% |
|
24 |
Mexico |
1 |
0,178% |
|
25 |
Mongolia |
1 |
0,178% |
|
26 |
Poland |
1 |
0,178% |
|
27 |
Romania |
1 |
0,178% |
|
28 |
Saudi Arabia |
1 |
0,178% |
|
29 |
Slovakia |
1 |
0,178% |
|
30 |
South Africa |
1 |
0,178% |
|
31 |
South Korea |
1 |
0,178% |
|
32 |
Spain |
1 |
0,178% |
|
33 |
Sweden |
1 |
0,178% |
|
34 |
Switzerland |
1 |
0,178% |
|
35 |
Syria |
1 |
0,178% |
|
36 |
Ukraine |
1 |
0,178% |
|
37 |
Vietnam |
1 |
0,178% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Other 29 countries |
33 |
5.872% |
|
|
|
562(1262) |
100.000% |
1 Includes 61 Soviet cosmonauts and 11 cosmonauts who
flew for both Russia and the Soviet Union.
2 Includes
both national space programme activity and European Space Agency
participation.
3 Includes astronauts from the Federal
Republic of Germany and the German
Democratic Republic.
CCCР/Россия США Китай
| CCCР/ Россия | США | Китай | Этапы | |
| 1957 | 2 | 1 | Беспилотный этап | |
| 1958 | 5 | 23 | ||
| 1959 | 4 | 19 | ||
| 1960 | 9 | 29 | ||
| 1961 | 9 | 41 | Полет Гагарина, начало лунной гонки | |
| 1962 | 22 | 59 | ||
| 1963 | 24 | 46 | ||
| 1964 | 36 | 64 | ||
| 1965 | 53 | 70 | ||
| 1966 | 51 | 77 | ||
| 1967 | 74 | 60 | ||
| 1968 | 79 | 48 | ||
| 1969 | 82 | 41 | ||
| 1970 | 87 | 29 | 1 | Китай вступает в космическую гонку |
| 1971 | 92 | 33 | 1 | Начало полетов орбитальных станций |
| 1972 | 79 | 32 | ||
| 1973 | 90 | 25 | 1 | |
| 1974 | 85 | 23 | 2 | |
| 1975 | 93 | 30 | 3 | |
| 1976 | 100 | 26 | 3 | |
| 1977 | 102 | 26 | ||
| 1978 | 91 | 33 | 1 | |
| 1979 | 90 | 16 | 1 | |
| 1980 | 89 | 15 | ||
| 1981 | 100 | 19 | 1 | Эпоха «Шаттлов» |
| 1982 | 108 | 18 | 1 | |
| 1983 | 100 | 22 | 1 | |
| 1984 | 97 | 22 | 3 | |
| 1985 | 100 | 18 | 1 | |
| 1986 | 94 | 9 | 2 | |
| 1987 | 97 | 9 | 2 | |
| 1988 | 94 | 11 | 4 | |
| 1989 | 75 | 18 | ||
| 1990 | 79 | 27 | 5 | |
| 1991 | 61 | 19 | 1 | |
| 1992 | 55 | 29 | 4 | |
| 1993 | 48 | 25 | 1 | |
| 1994 | 49 | 27 | 5 | |
| 1995 | 33 | 30 | 3 | |
| 1996 | 27 | 33 | 4 | |
| 1997 | 29 | 38 | 6 | |
| 1998 | 25 | 36 | 6 | Начало сборки МКС |
| 1999 | 28 | 31 | 4 | |
| 2000 | 36 | 28 | 5 | |
| 2001 | 23 | 22 | 1 | |
| 2002 | 25 | 17 | 5 | |
| 2003 | 21 | 23 | 7 | |
| 2004 | 22 | 16 | 8 | |
| 2005 | 26 | 12 | 5 | |
| 2006 | 25 | 18 | 6 | |
| 2007 | 26 | 19 | 10 | |
| 2008 | 27 | 15 | 11 | |
| 2009 | 32 | 24 | 6 | |
| 2010 | 31 | 15 | 15 | |
| 2011 | 33(2)* | 18 | 19 | Завершение полетов «Шаттлов» |
| 2012 | 26(2) | 13 | 19 | Россия возит космонавтов на МКС |
| 2013 | 33(2) | 19 | 15 | |
| 2014 | 36(4) | 23 | 16 | |
| 2015 | 29(3) | 20 | 19 | |
| 2016 | 19(2) | 22 | 22 | |
| 2017 | 20(2) | 29 | 18 | |
| 2018 | 20(3)+3** | 34 | 39 | |
| 2019 | ? | |||
| 2020 | ? | |||